23. "Explain the failure of Arbenz’s populist reforms in Guatemala."

At that time Guatemala was dominated by the landlord elite, and there were many cases of racial discrimination, lots of poverty, and the military dominated all of society. The dominance of American’s in the Guatemala society was beginning to be questioned by the leaders. So they start to initiate alternative means of living by creating a land reform that is quickly shut down by the Americans because of economic pressure and the influence of the CIA. The military begins to stop backing up Arbenz. He does not create mass co-operations.

24.Why did the invasion of Cuba in 1961 at the Bay of Pigs fail to obtain its objectives?

At this time with all that was going on in the world, President Kennedy wasn’t prepared for the united states to have direct involvement in Cuba. Castro had at this time in Cuba, completely transformed the state and the army. Castro had caused a lot of economic growth in Cuba. Castro also revolutionized the way military worked, the military was made up of those who were revolutionaries when Castro took over power in Cuba. Most of the population supported Castro because he removed racial discriminating polices, he introduced land reforms, he built roads and schools creating employment opportunities for those who were unemployed.

25. Why did the political and cultural radicalism of the 1960's in the U.S. fail to achieve its stated revolutionary goals?

There was a popular unrest in the United States that was based on opposition to the Vietnam War and the Black Rights Movement. During this time the United States was in economic prosperity, many of the labor unions were opposed to this Anti-War movement. Many people favored Macarthism, people being fearful of communism and what was associated with communism. In the United States Racism was very popular and divided most of the population, which helped block the development of the radical movement. This movement was seen as anarchist and individual which made it hard to justify or accept.

26. Account for the failures of U.S. strategy in the Vietnamese War.

The US was trying to contain communism as well as radical nationalism in the third world countries. They used a lot of force to suppress the change. The United States tried to modernize the South Vietnamese economy, in which they failed because the economy was not at all stabilized. There was a dictatorship in South Vietnam. The anti-war movement at home strongly discouraged the war and the army. The South Vietnam army was very strong and powerful. China had aided the South Vietnamese with weapons and equipment. North Vietnam had a very strong army, while South Vietnam fought vicious guerilla warfare.

27. "The failure of the Prague spring demonstrates that socialism democracy in fact are incompatible." Discus.

Marx and Lenin thought that directed input was involved in socialism. The Soviet Union controlled Eastern Europe and was a strong economic power. Kokstov had liberalized the system. Dubcheck lives in the Chez which is highly successful and the Soviet union policy of high industrialization isn’t working and should move to social markets. The Soviet Union wouldn’t agree to these things and it was shut down. The Soviets shut this down essentially ending the possibility in Europe again.

28. The Cultural Revolution was Mao’s last attempt to keep alive the Chinese Revolutionary tradition of mass mobilization. Discuss.

Mao’s revolution was based on or in peasant China. The land was given to the peasants and the red army was put in place to enforce the land reform. In order fo there to be change the masses of people had to agree. Mao was worried about bureaucracy and economic modernization. The Great Leap Forward was created in 1956-1958 to accelerate the economy. China has low money capital but large amounts of people. They start building factories and try to build up rural and the bureaucrats were sent to the country side to work. This had partial success, business was created but the economy stayed the same. Mao’s last attempt was the cultural revolution this fails as well.

29. Account for Israeli dominance over the balance of power in the Middle East since 1967.

Israeli independence was increasing with much strength since the Israeli independence war of 1948. Israeli dominance is because of the mostly Jewish social class, and because they had developed a strong army. After 1967 with the American’s defeat in the Vietnam War, the United States relied on Israel to be the policemen of the middle east. Israeli dominated due to the Arabs weakness. Arabs were much poorer and were made up of the peasantry, eventually they became the working class. The weakness of neighboring Arab countries attributed to the dominance of Israelis. Israel’s victory in 1967 involved in defeating Arab nationalism by defeating the leader

30. "The economic instability that began in the 1970s has been hardest on the third world." Discuss.

After the 1970's, it was the end of the golden age. There is a crisis of profits in the world which lead to stagflation, and runaway inflation, as well as the oil crisis. This hits particularly under developed countries. These countries had to borrow huge amounts of money leaving them bankrupt or deep in debt. In these countries corruption was a big problem leaving them dept in debt well into the 1980's. This mean that they had to get more money some how. And the IMF (International Monetary Fund) made them go through a structural adjustment. This included opening up the economies to the west, Governments had to clean up their budgets. They were to produce what they had and use that to help them. Most of these countries went deeper in debt in accordance with this new system. China however, was one of the few countries who were successful in climbing out of dept however they did not follow the structural adjustment. Shortly after India also managed to become successful while following some of the structural adjustment rules.

31. Trace the main economic trends of the period 1971-2005.

Stagflation: 1970-1980

Stagflation had much to do with the oil crisis of the 1970's it involved high rates of inflation and much unemployment

Neoliberalism: 1980-1990

Neoliberalism was instigated by Thatcher and Regan. It involves deregulation. The government removes itself from the economy, structural change, factories are closed, small businesses are bought by big corporations, the demands of labor are beaten down, involves much speculation and wild swings of the stock market. Massive military spending. This was thought to increase profits.

Globalization-1990 -2000 and on

Globalization involves the high tech boom. The opening of cheap labor and cheap markets

War and Debt 2000 - present

A financial collapse in 2000 that was aided by 9/11

32. "Central America was a particular focal point of popular insurrection in the 1970s and 1980s" Discuss.

Central American countries produce many primary and tropical products, like fruit for example. There is a relatively small amount of landlords that control most of the land, and leave the peasants with no land at all, causing them to rely on the landlords. 1970s onwards were affected by stagflation and were distraught about the Cuban situation, the situation in Vietnam, and the huge movement towards Catholicism. Guatemala has an outburst and a revolution of Communism. By the late 1970's there is an anti-government movement the response of the government which is mainly military bye 1982 the leader Riot Mott started a reign of terror in the country side.

El Salvador was run by military on the order of the landlords. By the 1970s there was a civil war in El Salvador. The US put in troops to help. The Rebels held the hills and the military held the low lands.

Nicaragua had a dictatorship at this time which was backed by the United States. The working and middle class in 1979 decided to overthrow the dictatorship and take over creating a socialist state which doesn’t succeed because the United States does not support it and will not succeed.

33. "Decolonization proceeded in a reasonably peaceful manner in northern Tropical Africa. That was not the case further south." Why?

The British and the French in the 1950's in North Africa gave independence to these countries. The reason that this is peaceful was because there were not a lot of white settlers living in Northern Africa. There were intelligent leaders who helped lead the independence movement. Neocolonialism was also a factor, they stayed attached and supported by the mother countries. The British and the French because of the common market no longer needed to hold on to these countries.

This was not the case in South Africa. In Southern Africa there were lots of European settlers who did not want to give up the power they held there. The national liberalization movement was marxist and was associated with the Soviet Union which most people would not accept.

34. Why was the Afghan Revolution of particular concern to the US?

In 1978 the Communist Party seized power. The US had just lost the war to Vietnam, and they were dealing with the trouble in South America, the marxist movement in Africa, and the failed revolution that had just occurred in Iran. The communists had to call in the Soviet Union, it was the first time in the cold war that the Soviet union had crossed its European boarders.

35. Link the Iranian Revolution of 1978-79 with the fall of Mossadegh’s National Front.

Radical Nationalist movement in Iraq the seizure of oil companies from Europe. The CIA the overthrowing of Mossadegh. The Us had played a powerful role in Iran through the revolution. American corporations are interested in Iran. Americans are deeply involved in Iran. The Iran revolution was as much against the US as the Shaw. The only way there can be opposition to Shaw is through religion. Despite the modernization of working class there is a huge peasant who do not see Marxism but Islamic Fundamentalism. Americans send in military equipment. A rapid economic growth.

36. Discuss the emergence of Solidarity in Poland.

Oppressed by Russian revolution and suppressed by economic growth. In 1965 Censorship and suppression of workers. The suppression doesn’t solve the problems people in Poland are not satisfied 1968 and the upheaval occurs and shut down. 1970's the workers upset and they succeed in changing a consumer boom occurs between 1970-1975 but doesn’t last this leads to solidarity to 1980's The church plays an important role with the election of a Polish pope. The communists are only self serving. The intelligentsia do not support communists. Working class is more right wing. This working class goes on a general strike.

37. Why did Gorbachev’s program of Glasnost and perestroika fail?

Gorbachev focused on Glasnost and perestroika because the stem on the concept of high industry was running out. Liberals wanted to move to capitalism with the help of and underground market. Conservatives didn’t want to loose riches. Gorbachev in 1980 he introduces autonomy to business owners. Informs interested in liberal ideas. Gorbachev economic reform leads to inflation and nationalism to rise through the Soviet Union. Yeltzin becomes somebody that the liberals can start to support. A military cuo was arranged in 1991.

38. Account for the economic boom of the 1990's. Did everyone benefit.

American economy grows. The emergence of China and East Asia working with the US helps. World Trade Organization emerges in 1993. The development and access to cheap labor. Wild financial. Neoliberalism. Advanced capitalism countries only wealthy benefitted. Third World countries didn’t at all.

39. "The American invasion of Iraq (2003) reflects unrivaled American world dominance in the post-Soviet era." Discuss.

US is the largest market in the world. The US dollar nobody can touch. Even though the US is military, however guerilla movements could overthrow them. Small powers are defying the US all the time. The US has lost South America and due to the war many countries have last political capital with many countries. The US economy is declining as other countries are getting stronger like the European Union. This war has shown the US’s military but has lead to them to slip economically.